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Notes: These authors set out to determine how TET2 and TET3 proteins are involved in epigenetic regulation. To characterize proteins that interact with TET, the authors expressed full-length TET1, TET2 and TET3 as HaloTag® fusion proteins and performed protein pull-downs. They identified novel interactions between all three TET proteins and O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT), which catalyzes the addition of N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) to numerous transcription factors, regulatory proteins and histones to activate or inhibit the target protein or recruit additional proteins. In this paper, they focused on TET2 and TET3, which showed the strongest interaction with OGT. They mapped TET2, TET3 and OGT binding throughout  the genome by expressing these proteins as HaloTag® fusion proteins in HEK293T cells, crosslinking the proteins and DNA, then capturing the fusion proteins and associated DNA fragments and performing high-throughput sequencing to show that TET2/3 and OGT colocalize at active gene promoters and were tightly clustered near transcription start sites.

For expression of HaloTag® fusion proteins and controls, HEK-293 cells were plated at 12 ×10⁶ cells in a 150mm dish and grown to 70–80% confluency before transfection with 30µg of plasmid using the FuGENE® HD Transfection Reagent.

To assess whether TET2/3-OGT activity affects the interaction of SET1/COMPASS with chromatin, the authors used bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET). They created a fusion protein consisting of the H3K4 methyltransferase SETD1A and NanoLuc® luciferase as the energy donor and a fluorescently labeled histone H3.3-HaloTag® fusion protein as the energy acceptor.  These BRET experiments confirmed that TET2/3-OGT activity is necessary for SET1/COMPASS complex function and showed that TET and OGT activities promote binding of SETD1A, a component of the SET1/COMPASS complex, to chromatin. This binding increases H3K4me3 levels. Thus, the authors’ data support a TET2/3-OGT-mediated mechanism for regulating the SET1/COMPASS complex and thus H3K4me3. (4262)

Notes: To better understand what roles FAM123A may play in signaling, cell behavior and human disease, HT1080 sarcoma cells were plated on MatTek dishes coated with 5mg/ml fibronectin before transfection with Venus (a yellow fluorescent protein)-tagged FAM123A or Venus-WTX, another member of the FAM123 gene family, using FuGENE® HD Transfection Reagent. The cells were imaged the next day for low-resolution analysis. For a higher magnification, dynamic analysis, HT1080 cells were plated onto Delta T dishes coated with 5mg/ml fibronectin and transfected with EGFP-FAM123A and FuGENE® HD Transfection Reagent. The next day, cell images were captured every 10 seconds. Examining the effect of silencing FAM123A, a reporter assay used the pGL4.34[luc2P/SRFRE/Hygro] Vector cotransfected with a CMV-Renilla coreporter and other effector plasmids or siRNA, and luciferase levels assessed using the Dual-Glo® Luciferase Assay System. (4246)

Notes: The authors examined the effect of Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) on the NF-κB pathway and found inhibition of the pathway in VZV-infected dendritic cells. To determine which open reading frame (ORF) in the virus was responsible, seven hemagglutatin-tagged ORFs were cloned and transfected into 30% confluent 293FT human embryonic kidney cells (seeded 24 hours before) using FuGENE® HD Transfection Reagent with a 2:6 DNA:reagent ratio. After 48 hours, the cells were harvested for use in flow cytometry or Western blot analysis. An NF-κB reporter assay used 293FT cells seeded in six-well plates at 30% confluency and transfected 2µg of NF-kB GFP reporter vector and 1µg of VAV ORF expression constructs with FuGENE® HD Transfection Reagent. After 24 hours, 20nM of TNF-α was added and the cells incubated another 24 hours before harvest and analysis by flow cytometry. (4245)

Notes: To better understand the role MOV10 protein, a putative RNA helicase and component of the RNA–induced silencing complex (RISC), in reducing retrotransposon activity, 293T human embryonic kidney cells expressing MOV10 and one of three retrotransposons (LINE1 (L1), Alu or SVA) were lysed in a buffer that included RNasin® Ribonuclease Inhibitor, and FLAG-tagged L1 complexes immunoprecipitated and analyzed by mass spectrometry. Several retrotransposon assays were conducted using FuGENE® HD Transfection Reagent for transfected constructs into 293T, HeLa and HeLa-HA cells. (4255)

Notes: These authors performed a comprehensive analysis of all Drosophila Wnt (DWnt) family members. During their study they used FuGENE^® HD reagent to transfect various constructs into Kc or S2R+ cells. They also used various firefly and Renilla luciferase reporter constructs and the GloMax^® Multi Detection system luminometer module to investigate and the ability of the DWnts to activate the canonical Wnt signaling pathway. (4198)

Notes: To confirm the role of a mutation in the miR-96 microRNA (miRNA) associated with an autosomal dominant hearing lost, HeLa cells (250,000 cells per well in six-well plates) were transfected with 4µg of plasmid carrying wild type or mutant miR-96 miRNA using FuGENE® HD Transfection Reagent. After 24 hours, the cells were washed and total RNA extracted. After quantitation, the RNA used in RT-PCR analysis. The entire 3´UTRs of eight putative target genes were amplified by PCR from genomic DNA and cloned into the psiCHECK™-2 Vector. HeLa cells were transiently transfected with 2µg of the 3´ UTR psiCHECK™-2 constructs and 0.2µg of a wild-type, single or double mutant miR-96 plasmid using FuGENE® HD Transfection Reagent. Forty-eight hours after transfection, the Dual-Luciferase® Reporter Assay System was used to quantitity the firefly and Renilla luciferase in cell lysates. (4251)